ABSTRACT
Optogenetics is an emerging biological approach with the unique capability of specific targeting due to the precise light control with high spatial and temporal resolution. It uses selected light wavelengths to control and modulate the biological functions of cells, tissues, and organ levels. Optogenetics has been instrumental in different biomedical applications, including neuroscience, diabetes, and mitochondria, based on distinctive optical biomedical effects with light modulation. Nowadays, optogenetics in cardiology is rapidly evolving for the understanding and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Several in vitro and in vivo research for cardiac optogenetics demonstrated visible progress. The optogenetics technique can be applied to address critical cardiovascular problems such as heart failure and arrhythmia. To this end, this paper reviews cardiac electrophysiology and the technical progress about experimental and clinical cardiac optogenetics and provides the background and evolution of cardiac optogenetics. We reviewed the literature to demonstrate the servo type, transfection efficiency, signal recording, and heart disease targets in optogenetic applications. Such literature review would hopefully expedite the progress of optogenetics in cardiology and further expect to translate into the clinical terminal in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effects of Batroxobin Injection on thromboembolic cerebral stroke by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and TTC staining.Methods Rat model ofthromboembolic stroke was prepared after the left middle cerebral artery was occluded by autologous blood clots,and 32 rats with successful operation were divided into four groups according to the degree of neurological deficit:model group,Batroxobin Injection low and high dose (0.3,1.0 BU/kg) group,and rt-PA (9 mg/kg) group,with eight rats in each group,and other eight rats in Sham group.Rats were administered 1 h after modeling by tail iv method.At 6 h after administration,neurological deficit score and MRIincluding SE-T2WI and DWI sequence scanning were measured.At 24 h after administration,the brain was cut for TTC staining to measure the infarct area,and blood FIB was measured.Results Compared with model group,Batroxobin Injection 0.3 BU/kg treatment for 24 h (P ＜ 0.05),1 BU/kg treatment for 6 and 24 h (P ＜ 0.05,0.01) could significntly improve the neurological function scores of rats.MRIresults showed that Batroxobin Injection at dose of 0.3 and 1 BU/kg significantly reduced the lesion range (P ＜ 0.05 and 0.01).Results of TTC stain showed that Batroxobin Injection at dose of 0.3 and 1 BU/kg significantly reduced the infarct size (P ＜ 0.05).Batroxobin Injection at doses of 0.3 and 1 BU/kg can significantly lower plasma FIB concentration (P ＜ 0.05,0.01,0.001) 6 and 24 h after administration.Conclusion Batroxobin Injection can improve the damaged neural function,reduce scope of lesions,decrease plasma fibrinogen,with protective effects for cerebral ischemia in rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective To observe the effects of Batroxobin Injection on thromboembolic cerebral stroke by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and TTC staining.Methods Rat model ofthromboembolic stroke was prepared after the left middle cerebral artery was occluded by autologous blood clots,and 32 rats with successful operation were divided into four groups according to the degree of neurological deficit:model group,Batroxobin Injection low and high dose (0.3,1.0 BU/kg) group,and rt-PA (9 mg/kg) group,with eight rats in each group,and other eight rats in Sham group.Rats were administered 1 h after modeling by tail iv method.At 6 h after administration,neurological deficit score and MRIincluding SE-T2WI and DWI sequence scanning were measured.At 24 h after administration,the brain was cut for TTC staining to measure the infarct area,and blood FIB was measured.Results Compared with model group,Batroxobin Injection 0.3 BU/kg treatment for 24 h (P ＜ 0.05),1 BU/kg treatment for 6 and 24 h (P ＜ 0.05,0.01) could significntly improve the neurological function scores of rats.MRIresults showed that Batroxobin Injection at dose of 0.3 and 1 BU/kg significantly reduced the lesion range (P ＜ 0.05 and 0.01).Results of TTC stain showed that Batroxobin Injection at dose of 0.3 and 1 BU/kg significantly reduced the infarct size (P ＜ 0.05).Batroxobin Injection at doses of 0.3 and 1 BU/kg can significantly lower plasma FIB concentration (P ＜ 0.05,0.01,0.001) 6 and 24 h after administration.Conclusion Batroxobin Injection can improve the damaged neural function,reduce scope of lesions,decrease plasma fibrinogen,with protective effects for cerebral ischemia in rats.